To enhance rural livelihood security among the dryland farmers, several improved agroforestry systems, commercial plantations and biofuels and bioenergy systems came into being for adoption. In India, agroforestry practices in rainfed agriculture have been used to manage scattered trees on farm lands, trees on farm bunds, wood lots as block plantations, trees on range lands, and vegetative live hedges for ecological, social, and economic functions. The major objective of agroforestry in rainfed areas is gainful utilization of off-season precipitation, income stabilization, soil and water conservation, insurance against weather aberrations and mitigation of climate change. Management of trees in conjunction with crops in rainfed areas minimizes the risk associated with stress period through diversified components and through efficient utilization of limited natural resources. The paper makes a plea for building on the IPBES report with national and local public engagement, to enable knowledge-policy relationships of co-ownership and action for biodiversity conservation.Īgroforestry in rainfed areas increases livelihood security through simultaneous production of food, fodder, and firewood, and an increase in total productivity per unit area of land. If IPBES findings are to be taken up by nation states, we need astute policy makers who understand institutions and are capable of public engagement and co-creation of knowledge and policy.
BABUL H PARIKH VADODARA CRIME INVOLVEMENT DRIVERS
The IPBES conceptual framework places these institutions that govern knowledge generation and policy-making outside and distinct from the direct drivers of nature and human well-being. The institutions or norms of the Maldhari 'way of life' govern and co-create their knowledge and policy decisions or protocols for biodiversity and livelihoods. Given that biodiversity is best understood and conserved by local communities, we present a case study of the protocols or policies of the Maldhari community in the Banni grasslands in India. It asks why IPBES fights shy of addressing the dialectical relationship between how we know and how we act on the environment. The former Chair of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is concerned that national policymakers may not take the findings of this global assessment (GA) seriously because of 'squabbling scientists.' The paper explores the contentious issues in IPBES, about presenting knowledge to policymakers, and about the integration of indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) into this global scientific knowledge creation. This paper argues that what we do to conserve biodiversity depends on how we know biodiversity. Focusing management strategies on increasing the populations of such declining and highly preferred tree and grass species, by active restoration and grazing policies, would enhance the natural resource value and biodiversity wealth considerably and thereby the quality of life for the local inhabitants. Mangifera indicia (Ambo), Cordia dichotoma (Gunda)and Pithecellobium dulce (Gorasamli)), improvement of woody fodder tree and grass species regeneration, and reduction of overgrazing pressure on grasslands. The study furthermore identified a close coincidence between the interest in conserving tree species diversity nearby the natural water resources and priorities of local inhabitants, which included protection of plenty of large trees (including many fruit tress, viz.
Local people had observed a change in the local surrounding habitats from grassland to woodland (dominated by Prosopis juliflora, locally called Gando Bavar) during their lifetime and considered it primarily a result of frequent intensive drought, constructed dams on flooding rivers in Banni, and declining rainfall. Information on vegetation deterioration and changes in species composition significant for sustainable management of grassland was obtained through interviews with 51 elderly maldharies (pastoralists) and local inhabitants living in 31 villages in Banni. The main objective was to investigate the local perceptions of grassland change, regeneration potentiality, socio-economic status and factors that cause degradation of the vegetation resources in Banni. This study was conducted in the Banni region of the Gujarat State, India, which is located in the westernmost end of the country.
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